Analytical Essay Sample on Modernity in Australian Architecture Factors of Evolution

Analytical Essay Sample on Modernity in Australian Architecture Factors of Evolution Introduction Australian architecture has undergone considerable evolution to reach its current state. The architectural transformations within the country had many underpinning factors. This situation enabled the country to keep abreast with the changing trends across the world, particularly within the European and the American blocks. In view of this background, this paper explores the distinctive elements in Australias engagement with Architectural Modernism or high Modernism. Post-war reflection The world war one and the great depression influenced the Australian architecture by triggering the need for a new mindset for demonstrating regeneration and growth within the country. The journey of modernization forced past traditions to give way to new styles and trends (Modern Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). Through this, modernization promoted evolution of architecture based on the availability of technologies, new materials, as well as ideals (Howells Nicholson 121). This opened up new possibilities and methods of achieving building and planning. American influence The unique climatic conditions in Australia prompted the need for adaptations. Because of this, the American urban designs, particularly those created by Richardson offered significant influences in Australian modern architectural trends (Architecture, Architecturestyles.org). This led to the diversification of cultural tastes, as well as the needs of an increasingly multicultural Australian society. Distinctive Australias engagement with Architectural Modernism (high Modernism) The Australian modernist architecture places emphasis on function. The architecture provides for specific needs instead of imitating nature. Main features evident in this architecture include functionality, minimalism, and geometric shapes. The new technologies and techniques freed Australian architects from past engineering limitations, thereby enabling them to come up with new rational designs that the base of a buildings function (Modern Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The new materials included steel, reinforced concrete and glass. They were mass produced, inexpensive and flexible to use. This transformed the conservative tendency within Australian society. Some distinctive elements of Australian architecture have come about due to climate, place, history, and identity. The modern Australian architecture is an expression of a local identity that balances the ideals of art and architecture against the prevailing local climate and social realities (Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The most modern Australian architecture features bold and strong horizontal spandrels. They also have long windows for letting in maximum daylight. They also have single span across every floor, which means that no columns interrupt the interior spaces. Architects such as Robin Boyd, Harry Seidler and Roy Grounds contributed significantly to the realization of modern Australian architecture (Australian Institute of Architects, Architecture.com.au). They applied modernist-style principles into homes in the Australian, thereby giving a new sense of architecture, distinctive in the Australian context. Buildings Federation houses are examples of distinctive Australian architecture. This was the version of the English Edwardian House. It uses Australian motifs, roof of terracotta tiles, detailed fretwork in the roof gables, as well as windows. This distinctive element has been evident in Australian modern architecture (Australian Architecture, Australia.gov.au). The distinctive aspects were that the houses were smaller, fireplaces located in a corner of the room to save space, and the houses required less painting and maintenance. Many houses had round sunrise motifs (Early Construction, Buildreport.com.au). For instance, it features in the Australian Federation Square. This architectural design in Melbourne creates a square for the future that embraces digital media, thereby creating a new experience of public realm. Distinctive Australian architectural adaptations or styles include Federation styles of residential architecture and the Queenslander. The styles have led to the development of iconic Australian designs, which include Melbourne Royal Exhibition Building, Sydney Opera House, and the 11 remnant penal colony sites chosen in 2010 for World Heritage protection (Architecture, Architecturestyles.org). Conclusion The Australian architecture borrowed considerably from other architectures, especially from Europe and North America. They transformed these architectures to meet the prevailing domestic conditions to give rise to distinct designs.

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck Essay

'In the appellate court of last resort a balance must be struck between the need on one side for the legal certainty resulting - Essay Example It has generally been observed that the pragmatic value of precedent gains prominence, whereas its justice seeking aspect tends to be overlooked. As such, precedent is the intersection between law and justice.2 In England and Australia, the highest courts tend to regard the decisions of their lower but superior courts as being highly persuasive. For instance, the highest court of Australia, namely the High Court of Australia accords considerable importance to the rulings made by the Supreme Courts of the various states. Precedent in its narrow sense, or the doctrine of stare decisis, denotes that the courts of appeal, in the normal course, consider themselves bound by their own rulings. 3 An important illustration of this is provided by the stance of the House of Lords till the year 1966. Prior to that year, their Lordships had considered their previous decisions to be sacrosanct, and had stated that they would not overrule them. This has changed, and the highest courts of Australia and the UK have now adopted the view that they would decide contrary to their previous rulings, provided there was a very strong reason for such departure. 4 Despite the promotion of certainty and consistency by the doctrine of precedent, it does suffer from some drawbacks. ... Even if the statements made in previous cases are clear, there could be confusion as to whether that statement had been a component of the ratio decidendi of that case.5 This makes it difficult to decide whether it had been binding or was just obiter dicta. Another major issue is the following. In Australia, appellate cases are usually heard by three judges in the Supreme Courts of the states. The corresponding number of judges is five in the High Court. It has been frequently observed that these judges will generally provide individual judgements. The result is several sets of legal reasons. Moreover, it is common for each judge to express opinions that differ from the other judges hearing the case. Such differences could have a critical impact upon subsequent cases. Consequently, it becomes very difficult to identify what is binding.6 Although it seems that the doctrine of precedent could hinder change and development in the law, this is only partially true. The development and cha nge in law is a continuous process, which is on the whole unspectacular. Precedent is not interpreted in a mechanical manner, and the extant law tends to be subjected to a continuous process of analysis and reinterpretation. Past events are reinterpreted by each generation, and this changes history. Similarly, the extant law undergoes continuous reinterpretation and is comprehended afresh.7 Thus, whenever, a superior court judge examines a disputed legal point and there is a reporting of the decision taken by the judge, a certain amount of change transpires in the totality of the common law. In Davis v Johnson,8 the substantive issues considered related to the degree of discretion bestowed upon county courts by section 1 of the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial

Poverty in England Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poverty in England - Essay Example The class-bound society did not permit infiltration and this social structure was largely responsible for an impoverished condition of the working classes. One could not work one’s way to the top and things began to stagnate for the working class. This led to workers unions and other activities that recognized the poverty that existed in the lower strata of the British society. It also led to an increase in violence in the society. â€Å"The ‘cultural grammar’ of any society provides numerous opportunities to breach social rules† (Violence and Crime in the  Nineteenth Century England: The Shadow of our Refinement, J. Carter Wood, Routledge; 1 edition (June 17, 2004) The distribution of resources was largely unequal and the inequality of income made the situation all the worse. While countries like Germany and the United States possessed fast-paced developing industries and an abundance of natural resources yet to be exploited, Britain had none of these an d had to look overseas for these resources. This worsened the situation. The threat of an upcoming war that engulfed numerous countries of the world, meant that Britain had to get her war-strategies and preparation right. This, in turn, meant a huge amount of expenditure, which is another reason that led to the neglect of a portion of the society, that remain impoverished.It is later that the Government recognized these facts and in order to appease the dissatisfied working class, introduced welfare reforms and wage hikes.

The Effects of Colonization on Modern African Cultures Essay Example for Free

The Effects of Colonization on Modern African Cultures Essay In November1884 1885, Europe met for The Berlin Conference in which Africa was sub-divided giving each current European powers a part to govern. This scrabble for Africa was an official degradation of all African future political power and present government. The utilization of African land, resources and people to build European powers was imposing and came with extensive consequences. The new European map sub-divided Africa injudiciously taking no consideration of current languages, traditions or cultures.. The new map brought together different ethnic groups most of which didnt get along leading to wide spread tension. At the time of the Berlin Conference France, Germany, Great Britain, and Portugal were at the height of their power with primary control of Africa. The modern day countries of Africa are based on the politico geographical map drawn up by European powers. The Berlin Conference showed a lack of restraint, morality and comprehension of Africa as a continent. The African people tried to resist the changes with wars that they could not win. The Berlin Conference is better off titled the re-enslavement of the African people. European powers exploited every inch of Land they got their hands on taking natural resources and killing anyone who got in their way. In the scrabble for Africa, Great Britain claimed Egypt, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, and Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Botswana. The British controlled Nigeria and Ghana as well. France claimed Mauritania, Chad, Gabon and the Republic of Congo. The list continues but among them Belgium and King Leopold II claimed Democratic Republic of Congo. This acquisition was exploitation of Africa at its finest King Leopold II enslaved the Congolese people and used them to mine their natural resources of rubber. This slavery and subsequent abuse led to the death of over 10 million Congolese people. The remarkable part of the Berlin conference are the resulting Berlin Acts Article 34 of the Berlin Act states that any European nation that took possession of an African coast, or named themselves as â€Å"protectorate† of one, had to inform the other powers of the Berlin Act of this action. If this was not done then their claim would not be recognized. Article 34 of the Berlin Act shows Europes blatant superiority complex. At the time of the Berlin conference 80% of Africa was under traditional rule. They took no consideration to even invite any African leaders they simply divided a continent among themselves to avoid blood shed on their side. After the scrabble for Africa there were now 50 countries where thousands of former kingdoms, empires, and states once ruled; the dismemberment of a continent complete. Pre- colonial African government were organized around cultures and ways of life. There were hunter gathers, coastal trading towns and farmers. In that sense few kingdoms grew to be a reflection of Africas old kingdoms like Kemet, Nubia and Mali. In this structure of things lay the problem, Africa was not progressing at the same rate of the European powers the motherland wasnt consumed with ruling the world, it was traditional and modern juxtaposed. This juxtaposition led to Africa being easily divided as there was no centralized scheme of government for the whole continent. Doubting what government could rule an entire continent as varied, and as large as Africa. The European imposition of slicing and dicing was a failure from the beginning for creating an Africa that could stand alone when they had plundered all its resources. Africa has suffered through slavery, civil wars, genocide, apartheid, disease, but its undoing will be the failure to unite while Europe, Asia and America rule the world on its resources. In 2011 the plan for a United Africa has not come through and in light of recent world events will continue to be staled. In 2011 the recolonization of Africa begins again starting with the Paris Conference 2011. In the 2011 Paris conference the Western and European world again came together to discuss matters that affect the African continent. The Paris conference was hosted by the French President Nicolas Sarkozy and British Prime Minister David Cameron. The American secretary of state Hillary Clinton was also present. The topic of discussion was a plan for Libyas economic and political future post leader Muammar Gaddafi; whom was in hiding at the time. Libya is located in North Africa and was an Italian colony from 1911- 1951. In September of 1969 Muammar Gaddafi led a small group against king Idris launching a Libyan revolution. Under the rule of Gaddafi Libya introduced free health care, education and became one of Africas richest countries based on it own natural resource of oil. Libyan life under Gaddafi was not ideal but he did turn Libya into a self sufficient country. In turn Libya clashed with the west especially in the 70s during the oil embargo when the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries, OPEC. The oil embargo cut of oil to the United States for supplying the Israeli army with weapons this strategic plan was led by Gaddafi. On October 20, 2011 Muammar Gaddafi was murdered in Libya, ending the war with NATO. Gaddafis body paraded and dragged through the streets with no respect. One can not justify his actions in life but he was the lesser of two evils vying for control. What is to come is not democracy it is recolonization. At the Paris Conference in March of 2011British Foreign Secretary William made this ironic statement the world is coming together to support Libyas future. The world coming together as such, doesnt seem to ever included African leaders. At the Paris Conference Algeria was present although many African leaders were not present and dont recognize the Nato enforced National Transitional Council (NTC) as the new government of Libya. In the corridors of the Paris conference post war contracts were already being drafted about infrastructure, resources and above all the vast resource of oil. The countries who have come together at this conference are the same ones who will lay waste to Libyas independence and with it any hope for African Independence. The recolonization has begun, just as it had in 1884. Currently the countries present at the Paris Conference are the same one feeling entitled to a stake in Libyan oil. Libya has the largest oil reserves in Africa estimated at 44 billion barrels. Before the war, Libya was producing about 1.6 million barrels of oil a day. France was its second biggest market, second only to Italy, with over 15 percent of its imports coming from Libyan oilfields. This sums it up, moving forward there will be no peace or a truly independent, self reliant African country the world powers will not allow it, no other continent makes the rest of the world feel in control and superior the way Africa does. If up against the worlds super powers there will never be a fair chance for Africa to stand as long as there are resources that can be exploited. In 2011 there is no such thing as a fair trial and racial equally, there is no humanity, no progress, no change. Africa again drifts backwards further. As a result of Gaddafi never being put on trial many questions will remain unanswered like what really happened in the 1988 bombing over Lockerbie in Scotland of Pan Am flight 103.

Concert at Invesco Field in Colorodo Essay -- Descriptive Writing Examp

Concert at Invesco Field in Colorodo I have been to very memorable places in my life, such as the Vietnam Wall and the White House but nothing compares to the Summer Sanitarium concert in Denver, Colorado at Invesco Field. This concert was a tour put on by Metallica, Limp Bizkit, Linkin' Park, Deftones, and Mudvayne. Invesco Field at Mile High is the newly installed stadium in Denver after they got rid of the old stadium. All of the Denver Bronco home games are put on here. I would have to say that this place is the most memorable place I have ever been too in my life. It was near 11:00 on a Saturday morning when I saw the stadium that was hosting the greatest concert of all time. The stadium had an interesting architecture such in that the top of the stadium had rolling curves as if it was a roller coaster ride. The top was pearl white that had a shine to it from a distance. When we pulled into the parking lot, which looked like was just newly paved with asphalt, the stadium was much bigger than I had imagined. Immediately I noticed that white glittering bronco from the old Mile High Stadium was put up standing in perfect view of everyone. I could see cars parked in parking lot as far as the eye could see. As I began to walk toward the stadium there were people beginning to line up at all the gates leading into the newly built stadium. When we reached the stadium the dark blue shirts, the security guards were wearing had to search me before I entered the most popular place to be in Denver. Once we passed security and went through the dazzling green gate, I finally realized I was in the stadium. We walked up to the second level, which is also known as the Club Level. When we entered the glittering glass doors of the le... ... smokers that make my stomach become queasy from the smell. The smell was like burning weeds and I also could smell the alcohol in the air from the people a row above me. Right when I noticed the smell of the alcohol they spilled it all over my friend, some little kid, who was in the row in front of me, and me. At the very end of the concert fireworks of blue, white, and purple lit the sky making the whole crowd cheer uncontrollably. Invesco Field at Mile High in Denver, Colorado has been one of the most memorable places. I have ever had the privilege of being. After seeing the concert I could not believe I just witnessed Metallica and Linkin' Park let alone be in the new stadium of Denver, Colorado. Having been to Washington, D.C. seeing the Vietnam Wall and Lincoln Memorial was quite memorable but the most memorable place I have ever been to was Invesco Field.

Word Order in a Noun Phrase and English Anaphors

WORD ORDER IN NP AND ENGLISH ANAPHORS Tereza Stifnerova The purpose of this essay is firstly to show the word order of a noun phrase (NP) and how the head noun of the NP can be post- and pre-modified, and secondly to focus on meaning of some examples of English anaphors and the distinctions between them and their Czech translations. The first part is going to aim on the internal structure of NPs. Complex nominal phrase consists of the pre-modifying elements, the head noun and the post-modifying elements.The so-called pre-modifiers can be divided into two groups: determiners and prenominals. We have to say that „determiners are obligatory and uniqueâ€Å" (Veselovska:86), and they have a specific place in the noun phrase – they are at the beginning. Among determiners we arrange also the possesives (my, your, etc. ). These two (determiners and possesives) are shown in (1). (1) a/the/my/mum’s mug Prenominals are the adjectives and secondary adjectives between the de terminers and the head noun.They are optional, which means they do not have to be in the NP, and they are recursive – it means they are not lined up in a very strict order, but there are some semantic features which affect the order. (2) a. the small old blue wooden box b. ? the wooden blue old small box c. small the old blue wooden box Post-modifiers, or postnominals, can also have a fixed or a relatively free order. Among elements of these category belong multiple prepositional phrases (3-4), verbs with infinitive or in the –ing form (5-6), clauses (relative clause) (7), complex adjectival phrases (8) and of-phrases (9). 3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) the gift for Jane from Peter ? the gift from Peter to Jane a girl to watch the lector teaching history the gift which you gave me a girl [AP more beautiful than me ] the student of philology Except the last one, the others can be lined up after the head noun in a relatively free order. (10) a book of fairytales tied with a blue ribbon for my daughter As I said, the of-phrase has a fixed place in a word order of a NP – it has to follow the head noun immediately because it is adjacent to the noun. 11) a. an office of the teacher with the white door b. * an office with the white door of the teacher In the second part I am going to translate some examples of English anaphors into Czech and then discuss the meanings of them and I will also try to show the distinctions between English and Czech forms. Here are the examples in English: (a1) Theyi killed themk. (b1) Theyi killed themselvesi. (c1) Theyi killed each otheri. And the translation into Czech: (a2) Oni je zabili. (b2) Oni se zabili. (c2) Oni se zabili (navzajem).The example (a1) has the index i with the pronoun they and the index k with the accusative case of the pronoun they, which means that the pronoun they have a meaning of „peopleâ€Å", which are NOT the people included in the meaning of them, i. e. them has the so-called disjoin ed refference. The following examples (12), (13) and (14) show that in English the nominative and accusative cases of the pronoun they are used to mark different (groups of) people. (12) (13) (14) The thievesi killed themk. The thievesi killed the thievesk. *The thievesi killed the thievesi. the thieves ? them > they are not the same thieves so they cannot have the same index The example (b1) has the index i in both cases – it means that they and themselves includes the same people. Because themselves is a reflexive pronoun, we know that the group of people indicated in they is the same group of people as in themselves. In the example (c1) is shown the same as in the example (b1), although in this case the second pronoun is reciprocal so we know that the group of people included in they consists – in this case – of two people.It means that the first one killed the second one and conversely the second one killed the first one. It means that the reciprocals  ¾require the antecedent to be plural (the action or relation takes place between the members of the set, reciprocally). â€Å" (Veselovska:104) These anaphors in (b1) and (c1) are also called syntactic anaphors. „Syntactic anaphors have a hierarchically higher antecedent, which means they must be bound in the same clause, usually in the position of Subject or Agentâ€Å" (Veselovska:104) as in (15) and (16). (15) (16) We saw ourselves in the mirror. To educate oneself is a choice of every person. urselves > Subject oneself > Agent (of educating) In Czech it is different. The first example (a2) is very simple – the pronouns clearly state who killed whom. Oni killed je, which means one group of people killed the other one. The examples (b2) and (c2) are in Czech similar in form but different in meaning. Nevertheless, in the second case we can optionally add the word navzajem, so it would be more clear who killed whom but basically, the reflexive pronoun se is universal in Czech. BIBLIOGRAPHY Veselovska, Ludmila. A Course In English Morpho-Syntax. UP Olomouc, 2009

Hardware Replacement Project - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 823 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/09/15 Category Advertising Essay Did you like this example? Hardware Replacement Project Ronald Hanson IT 205 August 29, 2010 Shane Wehkamp This project should start with a project management plan. Project management activities include planning the work, assessing risk, estimating resources required to accomplish the work, organizing the work, acquiring human and material resources, assigning tasks, directing activities, controlling project execution, reporting progress, and analyzing the results (Laudon Laudon, 2009). At a very minimum one should always consider five major variables: scope, time, cost, quality, and risk. One of the first steps in the process is to determine what changes will and will not be included. In this case the Information Technology (IT) department has decided to replace the customer relationship management software within its corporate offices, which requires upgrading the hardware that drives the system. Time is usually a major concern with any project. The time any project will take depends greatly on the scope of that project. If the scope consists of upgrading or modifying one computer the time factor can be inconsequential. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hardware Replacement Project" essay for you Create order However, if the scope requires replacing an entire network, the timeframe can be quite extensive. Cost is also greatly dependent upon the scope. It comes to reason that the cost is directly related to the scope, the smaller the scope, the smaller the cost and vice versa. The actual scope of the project will determine the cost. Will the product meet the objectives that have been outlined? The quality of the new system should be one of the first, if not the first, items considered. Many different customer relationship management packages exist. Which one will best meet the objectives? Research is commonly required to determine this factor. A bad decision can result in loss of existing and future revenue. The risks that may hinder the success of the implementation should also be considered. As with any project, the risks may prolong the project time, thereby increasing the cost and lowering the quality. Risk factors for any project are probably the hardest variable to predict. The level of project risk is influenced by project size, project structure, and the level of technical expertise of the information systems staff and project team (Laudon Laudon, 2009). Delivering the best business value is the ultimate goal of implementing any new system. The project management team should determine if the benefits outweigh the costs of implementation and have a positive return on investment. The cost of a new system comes in two stages: implementation cost and operational cost. Implementation costs consist of hardware, software, telecommunications, and personnel. The hardware cost is self explanatory; it encompasses the price of the hardware to be installed. The price of the software should also be considered. Telecommunications between IT staff, technical support, and end users is also a consideration. Finally, the actual cost of installing the hardware and software by the IT staff is a factor. Operational costs are far more extensive than implementation costs. Some of these costs are: Training, computer processing time, maintenance, operating staff, user time, and facility costs. Most of these costs are long term and may be difficult to predict. Benefits of a new or upgrade system project can be categorized as tangible and intangible. Tangible benefits are categorized as: Increased productivity, Lower operational costs, Reduced workforce, Lower computer expenses, Lower outside vendor costs, Lower clerical and professional costs, Reduced rate of growth in expenses, Reduced facility costs, and Increased sales. Intangible benefits include: Improved asset utilization, Improved resource control, Improved organizational planning, Increased organizational flexibility, More timely information, More information, Increased organizational learning, Legal requirements attained, Enhanced employee goodwill, Increased job satisfaction, Improved decision making, Improved operations, Higher client satisfaction, and better corporate image. An information systems plan should be used during the implementation of the system in order to maintain the planned organizational change. The following is a sample of such a plan as shown in Essentials of Management Information Systems, Eigth Edition (Laudon Laudon, 2009). 1. Purpose of the Plan Overview of plan contents Current business organization and future organization Key business processes Management strategy 2. Strategic Business Plan Rationale Current situation Current business organization Changing environments Major goals of the business plan Firm’s strategic plan 3. Current Systems Major systems supporting business functions and processes Current infrastructure capabilities Hardware Software Database Telecommunications and the Internet Difficulties meeting business requirements Anticipated future demands 4. New Developments New system projects Project descriptions Business rationale Applications’ role in strategy New infrastructure capabilities required Hardware Software Database Telecommunications and the Internet 5. Management Strategy Acquisition plans Milestones and timing Organizational realignment Internal reorganization Management controls Major training initiatives Personnel strategy 6. Implementation of the Plan Anticipated difficulties in implementation Progress reports 7. Budget Requirements Requirements Potential savings Financing Acquisition cycle In closing, when developing or implementing a new system the IT department should use an information system plan and consider the five major variables before starting any work. References Laudon, K. C. , Laudon, J. P. (2009). Essential of management information systems, eigth edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc..